Because of the high costs of treatment of NCDs, prevention and early control of their risk factors would be much more efficient and cost-effective than their treatment. The major risk factors of chronic NCDs include smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.
It is well-documented that some factors such as genetics, gender, and age cannot be accountable for high prevalence of these diseases alone, and in addition to these risk factors, modifiable environmental and lifestyle factors also play an important role in this process. ,, Based on the WHO report in 2011, 90% of mortality in Iran has been because of NCDs. Currently, NCDs have a share of 80% of the burden of diseases in the developed countries, and 70% in developing countries. According to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) report, NCDs are responsible for 63% of all-cause mortality in the world, and are forecasted to reach 69% by 2020. These diseases have a long and slow process, and mainly include cardiovascular diseases (48%), cancers (21%), chronic respiratory diseases (12%), and diabetes (13%). Available from: Ĭhronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an emerging global health problem. The protective effects of breastfeeding on chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood: A review of evidence.
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How to cite this URL: Kelishadi R, Farajian S. How to cite this article: Kelishadi R, Farajian S. Keywords: Breastfeeding, chronic diseases, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, prevention In addition to its short-term benefits, encouraging breastfeeding can have long-term beneficial health effects at individual and population levels. The current literature is controversial about these effects however, a growing body of evidence suggests that breastfeeding has protective roles against obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type II diabetes mellitus during adulthood. This review article aims to summarize the current literature on the long-term effects of breastfeeding on prevention of NCDs and their risk factors.
There are many biological and epidemiological studies on beneficial effects of breastfeeding during infancy on chronic diseases in adulthood, particularly on hypertension, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, much attention has been focused on primordial and primary prevention of NCD risk factors. It is well-documented that chronic diseases in adulthood origins in early life. A growing body of evidence suggests that NCDs have a complex etiology resulting from the interaction of genetic factors, gender, age, ethnicity, and the environmental factors. Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc., are the major causes of mortality in the world, notably in low- and middle-income countries.
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